TECNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

Technology has been changing our lives and it will be doing in the future. It is also has so many disadvantages.




ACTIVITIES

Do a search on the Internet about a problem that Technology has caused, and prepear a presentation of 1 minute. 
You will do the presentation and after it we will have a dicuss

1.- PRACTISES WITH ARDUINO

2.- ROBOTIC

The economy of our society is based on the laws of supply and demand in the market and in the productive system. Lowering production costs means reducing prices and making products accessible to more people. The highest cost in production systems is always labor. For this reason, the third industrial revolution is transforming our factories and automating processes. This means reducing labor to a minimum. But it also has a social and human cost. The workers of the future will not develop manual jobs all routine tasks will be replaced by robots. New workers should be able to take care of them. But what is a robot? Outside of what science fiction movies tell us as SUPERHUMAN, robots are simple machines and like any other they present circuits and systems.

Like any other machine, robots have two fundamental systems 1.- STRUCTURAL: That gives them physical form 2.- FUNCTIONAL: That allows to perform the task for which they have been manufactured. A robot can be defined as:

"Multifunctional machine and reprogrammable"

The great advantage of robots is that they can be reused with the same structure and that the same structure can perform different functions depending on the program they incorporate.         But let's start with the most elementary, the structure. From the structural point of view there are two types of robots 1.- MOBILE ROBOTS: A mobile robot is everything that moves. To do this, use legs or wheels. Traditionally it is said that the basic structure has 3 wheels and not 4. Although that is not really important. What is important is that mobile robots must overcome obstacles. And in that task the legs are superior to the wheels. However, larger wheels improve stability and help overcome obstacles.

2.- INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS: Industrial robots are used in warehouses and have a basic structure of links that resembles the human arm. In fact the links are named in the same way. Depending on the type of movement they can be Cartesian, cylindrical and spherica

If we differentiate between robot (capable of anwering from its environment) and automatism (whose task can not be modified), it is clear that the functional system of the robot is very complex. In addition to mechanical systems with a multitude of belts and gears, robots must have a sensorial system. This sensorial system must consist of sensors (inputs) and actuators (outputs). The answer to the environment can be done through a program. Therefore, in all there must be a controller card that will serve as an interface between the physical system and the computer in which a certain program is compiled. In this controller card can not miss 2 important elements 1.- The microcontroller: Electronic circuit that gathers all the functionalities 2.- Memory: In which the orders must be stored. It will be ROM and RAM. Depending on these elements, the controller cards are more or less relevant. There are many in the market. However, let's focus on the ARDUINO ONE. Among other reasons because it has FREE SOFTWARE and a collaborative platform. In addition to being very versatile and economical.

1.- CONTROL SYSTEMS

Control and automations have helped the development of automated industrial processes. However, control systems have a high conceptual component that will be the subject of this teaching unit.

Let's start by defining some of the main components of such systems

1.- FLOOR Set of components and parts that have a certain objective

2.- PROCESS Set of operations that will have a certain purpose.

3.- SYSTEM Combination of components that act together to perform the control

4.- INTERRUPTIONS All unwanted signals involved adversely.

5.- INPUT OF MANDO Excitator signal of the system

6.- REFERENCE SELECTOR Item that is placed to have a reference.

7.- REFERENCE INPUT. Signal produced by the reference selector

8.- CONTROL UNIT. A unit that reacts with an active signal to produce the desired output.

9.-OUT Amount to be maintained

10.- OPEN LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM. System in which the output has no influence on the input.

11.- FEEDBACK ELEMENT. A unit that provides means to increase or decrease the output signal.

12.- ACTIVE SIGNAL. Difference between input and reference.

13.- CLOSED LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM. System in the output affects the input.

The control system regulates and controls the operation of an automation or process so that it works as intended.

We can represent an open loop control system with the following scheme:

In contrast, a closed loop control system can be represented by the following scheme:

In both system we differentiate a number of characteristic elements:

1.- SENSOR OR TRANSDUCTOR: Transforms the physical signal into an electrical signal

2.- COMPARATOR Compares the input signal with the reference signal

3.- CONTROLLER Depending on the signal that arrives decides if the actuator should be activated

4.- ACTUATOR: Changes the output so that there is no error to the input.

Control is one of the foundations of modern engineering. Its theoretical foundations involve knowledge of electronics and mathematics at a high level, since to simplify such systems are used Laplace transforms.

ACTIVITIES

1.- Classify the following systems in open loop and closed loop


Washing machine, fridge and programmed air conditioning

2.- Describe the elements that appear in each of the previous systems

2.- SOLID STATE COMPONENTS

We are living in the digital era. Digital electronic is part of our daily life, however it is the evolution of analogue electronic. The basics of analogue electronic  are semiconductor materials. In this video I have explained the science of semiconductors and two components: Diode and Bipolar transistor. Indeed they haven`t many applications, but they was important in the past.




ACTIVITIES

1.- A npn transistor, has a value of B-100. Determine the operating region if

a) Vbe -0.2 V and Vce s 5 V.

We have Vbe< 0 and Vbc's Vbe - Vce's -0.2 -5 <0. In other words, the two transistor diodes are polarized in reverse and therefore the transistor must be cut.

b) ib x 50 uA (microampere) Ic x 2 mA.

The ratio Ic/Ib > 100 (B) what is only possible if the transistor is in saturation

c) Vce 5V & Ib 50 uA (microampere)

Because of the data given to us by the transistor, it must be active.

2.- A npn transistor has a value of B-100. Determine the operating region if

a) Ib 50 uA and Ic 3 mA

b) Ib 50 uA e Vce s 5V

c) Vbe-2V and Vce-1V

3.- Explain the operation of the next circuit in which there is an LDR resistor

1.- LCR CIRCUITS

Dipoles are the basic contents in electricity and also in electronic. Its role in DC is very important for de analogue electronic. In this video I have explained its characteristics and its importance in the circuits. You must do the exercise to undestard them.




ACTIVITIES

1.- Calculate the value of this resistor

2.- Take 2 resistors in the workshop. Using the coloured code, calculate its value. Measure the resistor using polimeter. Compare the values

3.- You have a condenser of 330 µF and a resistor of 1K, calculate its time of charge and discharge. Draw the value of voltage. How you can use it?

(Time of charge is T=5*R*C)

5.- POLIMETER

WE USE CIRCUIT IN OUR PROJECTS, SO WE NEED TO BE SURE ABOUT THEM. THIS IS THE MAIN REASON WHY WE TEST THEM BEFORE USING IN THE PROJECT. FOR THIS PURPOUSE WE USE THE PROTOBOARD. AND TO MEASURE VOLTAGES AND CURRENT WE USE THE POLIMETER. IN THE VIDEO IS SHOWN HOW TO USE THEM





ACTIVITIES

Using this document do a report and upload to your SCHOOLOGY account


DOCUMENT


HOMEWORK

DO A MENTAL MAP OF THIS UNIT

4.- ELECTRIC MACHINES

We use electric energy because is easy to  produce and to transport. However it has to be transform into others types of energy. To do this we use the electric machines. It is necesary that we know how they works its parts and the science principles of them. this video shows this things.





ACTIVITIES

1.- Study a motor and  taking photos explain how it works

2.- Do you transform a motor into a dinamo? How?

3.-  Desing a circuit capable of change the sense of a motor by using a switch?

HOMEWORK


Do a search about Polimeter, voltimeter and amperimeter

3.- OTHER CIRCUITS

We can design electric circuit by using the Cocodrile, however we need to build them phically by using the components. It is very important, indeed, to know the components theirs symbols and its function in a circuit to build our circuit. The first element are resistors and their colour code. In this video is explained the most important elements, their symbols and their funtions in a circuit.

ACTIVITIES

1.- Do a search on the Internet and with this information do a report in a slide 

2.- Desing and build a circuit capable of make work a buzz or a bulb by using a two ways switch.

HOMEWORK

Search information about electric machines.

2.- COCODRILE CLIPS

To desing a circuit is necesary to fix some parameters, it maight take a lot of time. This is the main reason  why, the ingineers usually use simulation programs, such as AutoCAD, OrCAD, etc.. We are going to learn how they work by using a very simple one: COCODRILE CLIP. Thi program let us to do calculation very fast. This is an example of how you should use it.




ACTIVITIES

Repeat the exercise using COCODRILE CLIP


HOMEWORK

Do a serach on the INTERNET about:

a) Colour code for resistors
b) Polimeter
c) Protoboard.

1.- INTRODUCCTION

We have been studying electricity, so we know some contents about it. This year we are going to study deeply. I have sumarized the basic contents in this video.





ACTIVITIES


Solve this circuit using the Kirchhoff ' s Laws and Cocodrile Clips.

a) Total Resistence
b) Current for each resistence and total current
c)  Voltaje in each resistence

2.- Using the protoboard, batteries and resistor make a circuit in serie and with the same resistor in paralel. Measure the current and voltage in each resistor and test that your measures are the same of a matematical calculation usig the Ohms's Law

8.- PRINTING

Once the piece is obtained in GCODE format, the file is copied to the SD card.

The card is placed in the holder.

The bed is lowered using the control dial. Put some lacquer on the bed. With the control dial you select the part you want to print. And the printing begins.

When the printer has finished, the piece is removed using a spatula

ACTIVITIES

Write a report about the printing process. You can add pictures or videos.

HOMEWORK

Sumarize the unit.

7.- REPETIER HOST

If we want to print a object, the format of the file must be GCODE. Our desing are in STL CODE, so we need a programme  to do this. This programme is REPETIER HOST. This program transforms objects in 3D into a column of planes. By tracing the contours of the piece in each plane and filling them with plastic, the objects are printed with the 3D printer. The program also allows to select the optimal conditions, which for the case of the PLA are 205 ºC and 100ºC for the bed. You can change the filling density, to save time and material.

It is very important to consider how the piece is because if there are hollow areas, they can collapse during the process.

ACTIVITIES

Read the information you can see in this link  https://tecnorobot.educa2.madrid.org/tecnologia/-/visor/documentacion-formacion-inicial

Write a report about REPETIER HOST

6.- BLOCKSCAD

By creating a simple object one cup, we are going to learn drawing using comands. This is very simple programme which can do this.





ACTIVITIES

1.- Using blockSCAD to desing a snowman, a Minion or a car. 

HOMEWORK

1.-Search on the INTERNET about

Slic3r
Cura
Repetier Host

2.- What are the differences between STL format and GCODE?

5.- SKETCH UP

Sketch up is other programme that we can use to design 3D objects. We are going to learn something by drawing this figure:

This  tutorial shows how you can do, however, as I have already said, you should do, you should train and this is the only way to improve in this subject.





ACTIVITIES

Draw the figure using SKETCH UP


HOMEWORK

Write a report 

4.- DESIGN

The first step in 3D printing is the desing. To do this you should setch and do a planning. In this case the thing is very simple:





To do this, sketch and planning firstly. It can be undestood in 4 steps which are:

1º Rectangle (50x14x2)
2º Cylinder (23x2)
3º Hole (5)
4º Text (5 heigth)

Finally dowload in STL format. This video shows how to do it









ACTIVITIES




1.- Create an account in TinkerCAD
2.- Draw the example
3.- Download as STL format
4.- Upload to your SCHOOLOGY account

HOMEWORK

Design something to be printed

3.- MATERIALS

Taking into consideration how the extrusor works, we need plastics to 3D print. Plastic in general can be Termoplastic or Termoestatic. We use Termoplastic for 3D PRINTING. ABS, PLA, FILALEX, are very comun.

Search on the Internet their properties

Mechanics

Fisics

and Chemical composition.

1.- INTRODUCTION

What does it take to print a document? A file with the document that we want to print, paper to print the document and a printer. Well, something similar happens to 3D printing. A 3D printer is required, an electronic file that like text documents must be created by a suitable program and a material with which to print.

In this unit we will be studying each one of the precise elements to obtain the 3D pieces.

We'll start with the paper. That is to say with the materials by which the pieces are obtained. If you consider that in a simplified way a 3D piece is obtained by superimposing on the plane Z-axis in which the contours of the pieces have been drawn. What makes our printer is to put points that when joining give rise to lines. These points are achieved by means of an extruder. Technologically only metals and plastics can be shaped by extrusion. It is clear that the temperatures required in the case of metals are much higher than those of plastics. But........... what is a plastic?. I hope this video can answer that question.





ACTIVITIES

Do a search on the INTERNET about 3D pinting. Look for the material that you usually can use in this process. Compare mechanical properties, uses, density, chemical composition and toxicity. Do a presentation the al least 2 minutes.

2.- 3D PRINTER

The element that we are going to describe is the 3d printer. It is essentially a Cartesian industrial robot, in which the clamp has been replaced by a simplified extruder. 

Any 3d body is considered the stacking of the contour. An outline is a line that can be drawn as a sequence of points.

1.-The structure. The structure is constituted by a series of links that allow to be placed in any point of the space, crossing a distance along, in width and in vertical. This system has as a terminal element an extruder that pulls plastic material and at the same time that it heats it passes towards a nozzle by which it leaves in a semipasted state. The thickness of the nozzle is usually 0.4.

2.-The system of mechanisms responsible for transmitting movement to the robotic arm
3.-Control systems. The control system consists of an ARDUINO controller board. With a series of inputs supplied by the different temperature sensors and the SD card with the design file. The output of this card are the motors that by pulleys, gears and tapes make move the extruder to the point where it will fix the material in a half-pasted state.

   A 3d printer, consisting mainly of the elements that can be seen in the photograph, plus the feeding system that is a coil of material that is in the back. There are essentially 3 systems

1.-Part printing system. Configured by extruder and robotic arm
2.-The reception system of the piece also called Hot bed.
The control system formed by
                                             3.-LCD display in which a menu appears with different options
                                       4.-A series of buttons which highlights a dial. The turn allows us to move around the different categories of the menu and when you click you select one of them.
                                        5.-Slot for the insertion of the SD card with the GCODE files.

When you want to print a piece, you start by turning on the printer and placing the extruder in the start position. We open the window, remove the glass from the bed and add a little lacquer, to improve the adhesion of the piece. Then with the dial, the SD card is selected and the part you want to print is selected again. The printer starts by heating the bed and extruder. The process is automatic. When the piece is finished it is removed

Plastic feeding can also be done in a powdery state: in such cases the layers are compacted.